Level 2 Avalanche Course

Level 2 builds from the introductory avalanche hazard management model introduced in the Level 1 and adds to it the evaluation of factors critical to stability evaluation.

Student Learning Outcomes:

  • Advance understanding of avalanche terrain, particularly from the perspective of stability analysis.
  • Discuss how the snowpack develops and metamorphoses over time; and discuss the factors that contribute to spatial variability.
  • Learn standard observation guidelines and recording formats for factors that influence or indicate snow stability. SWAG MODULE.
  • Advance understanding of avalanche release and triggering mechanisms
  • Introduce a snow stability analysis and forecasting framework.
  • Improve companion rescue skills including multiple and deep burials .

40 hr Instructional Sessions (including class and field instruction)

  1. Level 1 Review
  2. Energy balance, the mountain snowpack and metamorphisms
  3. Faceting; near surface and near crust facetin
  4. Formation of surface hoar and persistent weak layers
  5. Skier Triggering: theory and observations
  6. International and national snow, weather and avalanche observation and recording guidelines (SWAG).
    • Weather; interpreting forecasts, recording and observation techniques
    • Snow profile techniques and bonding tests
    • Avalanche observations and recording techniques
  7. Stability analysis checklist: reviewing critical factors
    • Stability ratings
    • Daily stability forecasts and analysis
  8. Trip Planning and hazard forecasting for avalanche terrain.
    • The avalanche danger ratings
    • Terrain analysis using maps/photos
    • Forecasting stability and variability
  9. Terrain selection and route finding
    • Group management and hazard management
    • Decision making
    • Human factors
  10. Information gathering
    • Site selection and relevancy
    • Spatial variability
    • Slope tests
  11. Companion Rescue
    • Level 1 techniques review
    • Multiple burial
    • Shovel techniques

Student Prerequisites:

Students must have the ability to travel in avalanche terrain. An AIARE Level 1 Course (strongly recommended) or equivalent training/experience is required. A winter of practical experience after the Level 1 course is recommended before taking the Level 2 course